Differential analysis. Oxacron differs from Caintheriinae of the visibility regarding subtriangular top molars as opposed to crested appearance, a shorter postparacristula, slim premolars, a weakened postprotoconulid, a biradiculate P/1, diastemata between P/2-P/step three and you can P1/-P2/, and you will good protocone a great deal more mesial versus paracone towards the P4/. It changes plus out-of Plesiomeryx and you may Caenomeryx kinds by the reduced dimensions, a smaller sized protocone on the P3/, additionally the lack of good protocone toward P2/. It differs from Cainotherium of the faster proportions, the absence of cingula/ids on premolars, a good triangular P3/, and the exposure out-of an area between your entoconid as well as the mesoconid to your all the way down molars. Oxacron are well known about most other Oxacroninae Paroxacron of the shorter premolars, a good P1/, P/step 1, and you may P/dos caniniforms, a shorter mesial lobe into P3/, a good triangular P4/, in addition to a smaller sized paraconule for the higher molars. In the long run, Oxacron is different from Palembertina gen. late. by many people characters (find over).

Thing off Palembert. Palembert is found in the new Quercy phosphorites urban area (South west off France) near the village off Caylus (Tarn-et-Garonne, France).

Results

Breakdown. Oxacron courtoisii of Palembert is noted of the their all the way down dentition that have a couple of fragmentary dentaries. With respect to the alveola trend out of Buddy 59 (Shape 2A-B), new P/1 try biradiculate. Very short diastemata are present anywhere between P/1-P/2 and you may P/2-P/step three. P/3 and you will P/4 is brief. The latest P/step three gift suggestions an effective protoconid and you will a short distal cristid lingually curved. This new P/cuatro reveals a great protoconid far more mesial than the metaconid. Their talonid basin try high that have a little postprotoconulid and you can a good short hypoconid. The fresh entoconid is very weakened.

The low molars (Buddy 59, Buddy 61; Figure 2A-D) expose the latest “Caintotherium bundle” which have around three higher lingual cuspids: a mesial metaconid, a good medial metaconulid, and you will good distal entoconid. The paraconid are brief. The brand new metaconulid is actually large, away from the fresh new metaconid and you can split up by the an extended mediocristid. The talonid are bucco-lingually limited having a large centroconulid and you can an excellent postendocentroconulid extended distolingually. The new entoconid are looped and much more distal compared to hypoconid. This new Yards/step 3 gift suggestions an enormous hypoconulid in place of a beneficial posthypocristulid. The fresh new mesial cingulid is quite higher.

This new mandible (Friend 59) reveals several intellectual foramina into the horizontal ramus, you to beneath the mesial part of P/dos and something underneath the mesial section of P/4 (Figure 2B). The fresh lateral ramus are gracile and you will superficial, and its particular top is rather ongoing involving the premolar area and you can the very last molar. The latest angular apophysis, perhaps not preserved, was mesially delimited because of the a powerful incisura vasorum (Friend 59, Friend 60; Shape 2B, 2D).

Phylogenetic Data

The new cladistic research employed a single parsimonious forest (length = 183, Texture List [CI] = 0.forty eight, Retention Index [RI] = 0.73, CI in just parsimony-instructional letters = 0.45; Contour 4), highlighting a properly-structured rule and relatively weak homoplasy. Brand new topology are congruent with this of Weppe mais aussi al. (2020), new taxon Palembertina deplasi nov. gen. the fall of. sp. looking its place inside the monophyletic Cainotheriidae, since brother taxon towards clade C (Oxacroninae, Cainotheriinae). The second collects two subfamilies: Oxacroninae, that have Oxacron and you can Paroxacron; and Cainotheriinae, which have Plesiomeryx, Caenomeryx, and Cainotherium.

New monophyly off Cainotheriidae, in addition to Palembertina gen. biguous synapomorphies (Bremer list [BI] = 4). He or she is described as new presence on their top molars, of: a massive parastyle like other styles (8 1 ; RI = 0.67), good distostyle (11 step one ; RI = 0.89), a quite strong dilambdodonty (22 step 1 ; RI = 0.88), a postparacristula (30 step 1 ; RI = 0.86), and you may insufficient preprotocrista and you can paraconule junction (17 0 ; RI = 0.67); on their down molars, it establish: an enormous (thirty-six 1 ; RI = 1.000) and you can custom metaconulid (37 step 1 ; RI = step 1.00), an effective neotrigonid (51 step one ; RI = step one.00), while the absence of hypoconulid on M/step one and you can M/2 (41 0 ; RI = 0.75). Within Cainotheriidae, Palembertina gen. nov. is the first offshoot and you can appears as the fresh new cousin taxon so you’re able to the clade C (Oxacroninae, Cainotheriinae). It shows around three autapomorphies: a preliminary diastema between P/2-P/3 (6 step one ; RI = 0.33), including good looped mesostyle (10 0 ; RI = 0.50) and you may a big distostyle (twelve step 1 ) toward higher molars. New clade C (BI = 2) is supported by half a dozen non-ambiguous synapomorphies, with the higher molars: a good distal protocone (thirteen dos ; RI = 0.94), a little cingulum encompassing this new protocone (20 step 1 ; RI = 0.58), and you can a long postprotocrista (28 step 1 ; RI = 0.50); toward down molars: a highly distal entoconid (43 dos ; RI = step 1.00), in addition to absence of an effective basin-designed hypoconulid (forty 0 ; RI = 0.75) and of posthypocristulid (55 0 ; RI = 0.67) to the Meters/step 3. Within clade C, Oxacroninae (BI=1) are backed by a beneficial protocone a great deal more mesial compared to paracone toward P4/ (62 step 1 ; RI = 0.50) and you may an excellent biradiculate P/1 (77 step 1 ; RI = step 1.00), and you will Cainotheriinae (BI = 1) is supported by a postparacristula buccally much time joining brand new preprotocrista to the top molars (thirty-two step 1 ; RI = 1.00) and you will a giant postprotoconulid on all the way down premolars (76 1 ; RI = step 1.00).